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Going Below Minimums

AV Web

The FAA doesnt guarantee terrain clearance at minimums all the way to the next state. However the indicated airspeed at which you circle is not the same as the true airspeed , and of course the difference increases with altitude. In fact, the area that is clear of obstacles at minimums is very small.

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Pilot’s Guide to Airspace

Flight Training Central

For example, a pilot flying IFR in controlled airspace will have to file an IFR flight plan and receive an ATC clearance. For VFR flight, controlled airspace means increased cloud clearance and visibility requirements. For the VFR pilot flying in B, C, and D airspace, there are communication and/or clearance requirements.

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Class B Airspace—A Pilot’s Guide

Flight Training Central

An ATC clearance is required for operations within Class B airspace. Class B Speed Limitations Aircraft flying within the Class B airspace may fly at an indicated airspeed of up to 250 knots. An aircraft can operate in these corridors without a clearance from or communication with ATC.

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Danger lurks in circling approaches

Air Facts

If you depart MDA on the downwind or base leg, you’re on your own as far as obstacle clearance. What specific indicated airspeed will be flown/adhered to during the circling maneuver? Be fully configured and on speed prior to receiving landing clearance. Outside of assessed radii, the MDA is no longer valid.

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Class C Airspace Explained

Pilot Institute

Before entering Class C airspace, pilots must receive clearance from Air Traffic Control (ATC). Class C airports’ speed limits require aircraft within 4 Nautical Miles (NM) of the primary airport and below 2500 feet to maintain an Indicated Airspeed (IAS) of 200 knots or less. Transponder with Mode C to report altitude.

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IFR Holding Procedures Explained: A Pilot’s Guide to Holding Patterns

Flight Training Central

When controllers anticipate a delay, usually due to a high volume of traffic, weather, or both, pilots are usually issued a holding clearance. If the holding pattern assigned by ATC is charted, pilots are expected to hold as indicated. Pilots are expected to hold on the inbound course using right turns unless instructed otherwide.

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Trial by Ice

Air Facts

This particular 172 normally cruised at 120 mph indicated airspeed, but with the ice it would barely do 90 mph and that required full throttle! I filed my IFR flight plan, received a clearance and took off into the gray winter sky. We finally broke out on top into dazzling sunlight carrying about one inch of rime ice.

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