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Wingtip Vortices and Wake Turbulence

Pilot Institute

Vortex size is also affected by proximity to the ground. If youre flying low enough to be in ground effect, the vortex isnt able to fully develop. This phenomenon is called Ground Effect. Note that the ground effect doesnt eliminate the vortex entirely.

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Avro Canada VZ-9 Avrocar: Resembling a Small Flying Saucer, It First Flew in 1959

Flying Magazine

Despite its small size, it was equipped with two cockpits and had maximum takeoff weights of 5,700 to 7,000 pounds, depending on whether it was expected to transition to forward flight outside or within ground effect. The VZ-9 takes flightwhile remaining safely tethered to the ground.

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Let’s Play it Safe

Plane and Pilot

Third, there is this little thing called ground effect. The performance charts will tell you that your airplane will lift up off the runway, but if performance is marginal, you will need to build up additional speed to break free of ground effect. Now that I think about it, I am not sure? OK, more on that later.

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Comprehensive List of Trainer Aircraft for Student Aviators

Pilot's Life Blog

On the other hand, the Piper PA-28 series (like the Cherokee or Archer) offers a low-wing configuration, which means slightly different ground effect and flare behavior. With its tricycle gear and steady handling, it gives new pilots the confidence to build foundational skills without unnecessary challenges.

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Jeju Air flight 2216

Fear of Landing

This was done early in the program (737-100/200) because it was discovered the 737 was prone to float in ground effect enough that it could prevent WoW from going true after touchdown – same with wheel speed. The 737 does not use Weight on Wheels (WoW) to enable the thrust reversers.

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DARPA cancels Liberty Lifter heavy ground-effect vehicle program

Aerotime

In February 2023, DARPA selected General Atomics and Boeing subsidiary Aurora Flight Sciences to develop a large amphibious aircraft that would use the ground-effect principle to move heavy cargo at high speeds and low altitude over water.

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Accident Briefs—July 2025

Plane and Pilot

A witness reported that they saw the airplane lift off from the runway and remain in ground effect until it crossed the departure end of the runway. Beech 23 Coolin, Idaho/Injuries: 2 Serious, 1 Minor NTSB Report: WPR23LA290 The pilot reported that during the takeoff roll, he “saw rotation speed” and then pitched for best climb speed.