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Sporty’s Most Frequently Missed Test Questions—March 2025

Flight Training Central

True course and groundspeed. Groundspeed and true heading. Low-level turbulence can occur and icing can become hazardous in which type of fog? Moderate or severe turbulence. True heading and airspeed. position of the CG. speed of the airplane. Embedded thunderstorms are those obscured by massive cloud layers.

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Turbulence

Air Facts

Turbulence Air Facts Journal Space is infinite in its complexity. And tampering our mental reserves with turbulent mischief. Turbulence is unpredictable. All three axis of an aircraft are subject to the vagaries of turbulence. Similar mechanics are at play in clear air turbulence. And there in lurks the adventure.

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Descent Planning: Strategies for Safe and Smooth Arrivals

Flight Training Central

As an example, the Garmin GTN series offers a vertical calculation (VCALC) function that includes the ability to set a desired rate of descent to calculate the appropriate point to begin your descent based on your aircrafts current groundspeed. In our example: 167kts / 2 = 83.5 Convert to mileage from destination if desired: To convert 13.2

Descent 98
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Riding the Mountain Waves

Plane and Pilot

Often, turbulence is the harbinger of mountain waves, not the ideal ceiling—and visibility unlimited—day. We experienced moderate turbulence even at our gate. If the velocity of water increases over the rock, so does the turbulence. The stationary trait of a mountain wave may produce more turbulence flying downwind than upwind.

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Managing the wind

Air Facts

Subjective factors such as terrain, turbulence, and gust direction are as important as the numbers. Those little hills made for fiendish turbulence down low. It was fun doing over 200 knots groundspeed over Rawlings until I realized a solid wall of thunderstorms had formed between me and home, and there were 35 knot winds below.

Knot 98
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Flying Through the Center of a Trough Should Have Been Uneventful

Flying Magazine

Along with several other forecasts not shown here, this made me believe that a route around the west side of Washington would provide the least exposure to adverse weather, especially as it relates to convective turbulence. Our groundspeed was a meager 72 knots as we descended on the glideslope. Crisis averted.

Weather 111
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Flying to Sun ‘n Fun 2024

Air Facts

With a screaming tailwind, I was seeing a groundspeed of 185 kts at 6,500 feet. Allowing the altitude to sort itself out was the most practical approach with dealing with the wave and associated turbulence. They were looking for a fast turnaround and would eat their lunch while airborne. I was airborne in roughly one hour.

Weather 98